# Peatükk 1: Ajalugu ja algus

Jalgpall · Peatükk 1: Ajalugu ja algus · Insporta Book (https://book.insporta.app/et/football/interesting-facts/chapter-1-history-origins/)

How football became one game: medieval bans and folk football, the Cambridge and Sheffield codes, the FA and its first cups, the home nations, the spread abroad, the early Olympics and football in wartime.

## 1.11 Algus ja kodifitseerimine

Kuidas Football Association moodustati, kes kirjutas selle esimesed jalgpallireeglid, varaseimad registreeritud mängud ja võistlused nende reeglite alusel ning FIFA enda asutamine nelja aastakümne pärast.

### Test 1: FA asutamine ja selle esimesed reeglid

- FA asutati esmaspäeva õhtul, 26. oktoobril 1863, Freemasons' Tavernis Great Queen Streetil Londonis. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA enda ajalugu märgib, et asutamiskoosolekul osalesid tosina Londoni ja eeslinna klubi esindajad. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- Ebenezer Cobb Morley, kes oli 1862. aastal asutanud klubi Barnes FC, koostas FA esialgsed reeglid. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA reeglid kiideti lõplikult heaks asutajaklubide kuuendal koosolekul 8. detsembril 1863. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- Heakskiidetud reeglid avaldas Seymour Streeti John Lillywhite brošüürina hinnaga üks šilling ja kuus penni. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 19. detsembril 1863 mängisid Barnes ja Richmond Barnesis Limes Fieldil ning kohtumine lõppes väravateta viigiga. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA sekretär Charles Alcock pakkus 20. juulil 1871 välja väljalangemisturniiri, millest sai FA Cup. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- Wanderers võitis esimese FA Cupi finaali 1:0 Royal Engineersi vastu umbes 2000 pealtvaataja ees Kennington Ovalil. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- Šotimaa ja Inglismaa mängisid 30. novembril 1872 Glasgow Partickis West of Scotland Cricket Groundil 0:0 viiki; seda tunnustatakse esimese ametliku rahvusvahelise kohtumisena. (Allikas: FIFA Museum, fifamuseum.com/en/explore/fifamuseumplus/blog/Scotland-v-England-1)
- FIFA asutasid 21. mail 1904 Pariisis aadressil 229 rue Saint-Honore seitse liitu, esimeseks presidendiks Robert Guerin. (Allikas: FIFA ametlik ajalugu, inside.fifa.com/media-releases/fifa-celebrates-120th-anniversary-of-foundation-in-paris)

## 1.12 Mängu areng ja esimesed maailmameistrivõistlused

Kuidas spordiala 1880. ja 1930. aastate vahel professionaalseks muutus ja ennast korraldas: seaduslik professionaalsus, Football League, IFAB kui reeglite hoidja, FA Cupi varguse ja asendamise lugu ning esimesed FIFA maailmameistrivõistlused ja nende karikas.

### Test 1: Professionaalsus, Football League, IFAB ja esimesed MM

- FA legaliseeris professionaalsuse 1885. aastal, piiratuna mängijatega, kes olid sündinud või elasid klubist kindla vahemaa piires. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- William McGregor korraldas Football League'i, mis asutati 1888. aastal kaheteistkümne asutajaklubiga pärast vaid kahte koosolekut. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA enda ajalugu märgib, et IFAB hoolitseb reeglite eest alates 1886. aastast, mil see loodi. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA enda ajalugu märgib, et esimesed MM peeti 1930. aastal Uruguays, kuid FA ei esitanud võistkonda. (Allikas: FA ametlik ajalugu, thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- Uruguay nii võõrustas kui ka võitis 1930. aastal peetud esimesed FIFA maailmameistrivõistlused. (Allikas: Library of Congress World Cup research guide, guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930)
- Uruguay alistas Argentina 4:2 esimeses MM-finaalis, mis peeti 30. juulil 1930 Montevideo Estadio Centenarios. (Allikas: Library of Congress World Cup research guide, guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930)
- Esimestel MM-del, mis peeti 1930. aastal Uruguays, osales kolmteist riiki. (Allikas: Library of Congress World Cup research guide, guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930)
- Algne FA Cup varastati 1895. aastal Birminghamis poeaknast, kus seda eksponeeriti tiitlikaitsja Aston Villa loal, ja seda ei leitud kunagi üles. (Allikas: ITV News Central / FourFourTwo, FA karika varguse kajastus)
- Asenduskarika valmistas Howard Vaughton, endine Aston Villa ja Inglismaa koondislane, kellest oli saanud hõbesepp. (Allikas: ITV News Central / FourFourTwo, FA karika varguse kajastus)
- Algselt nimega „Victory" tuntud karikas nimetati 1946. aastal ümber, et tähistada Jules Rimet' FIFA presidendiks oleku 25. aastapäeva; 1970. aastal anti see pärast kolmandat tiitlit püsivalt Brasiiliale, 1983. aastal varastati ja seda ei leitud kunagi üles. (Allikas: Olympics.com / Britannica, olympics.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-trophy-jules-rimet-history)

## 1.13 Varased reeglimuudatused, varustuse esimesed ja esimene naiste mäng

Peatüki lõpetuseks: kuidas penalti ja väravavõrgud reeglitesse jõudsid, säärekaitsme leiutamine, esimesed numbriga särgid, 1925. aasta suluseisu muudatus ja esimene registreeritud naiste mäng.

### Test 1: Varased reeglimuudatused, varustuse esimesed ja esimene naiste mäng

- Iiri väravavahi William McCrumi idee, mille esitas nõukogule Iiri jalgpalliliidu sekretär Jack Reid, kiideti uue reeglina heaks IFABi koosolekul Glasgow's 2. juunil 1891. (Allikas: 2. juunil 1891 toimunud IFAB-i koosoleku jalgpalliajaloolised kirjeldused, ristkontrollitud IFAB-i protokolli ülevaadetega)
- Kuni 1902. aastani võis penalti sooritada mis tahes punktist piki joont, mis asus otsajoonest 12 jardi kaugusel, mitte tänasest kindlast punktist. (Allikas: Penaltireegli ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- Võrk, mille Liverpooli insener John Alexander Brodie patenteeris 1890. aastal, sai esimese suurema esinemise Nottinghamis 10. jaanuaril 1891 peetud Põhja ja Lõuna esinduskohtumisel; Football League tegi võrgud kohustuslikuks hooajal 1891/92. (Allikas: Brodie väravavõrgu patendi ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- Nottingham Foresti Sam Widdowson leiutas 1874. aastal säärekaitsmed, lõigates kriketikaitsmete paari lühemaks ja kinnitades need rihmadega sukkade välisküljele. (Allikas: Widdowsoni ja Nottingham Foresti ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- Arsenal võõrsil Sheffield Wednesdayga ja Chelsea kodus Swansea Townga kandsid mõlemad 25. augustil 1928 numbritega särke, kuigi katse kestis vaid kaks mängu. (Allikas: Inglise liigajalgpalli särginumbrite ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- 1928. aasta numeratsioonikatse kestis vaid kaks mängu; särginumbrid muutusid Inglise liigas kohustuslikuks alles 1939. aastal. (Allikas: Inglise liigajalgpalli särginumbrite ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- British Ladies' Football Club mängis 23. märtsil 1895 Londoni Crouch Endis Põhja ja Lõuna vahel; naiste mänge oli registreeritud alates 1881. aastast, kuid FIFA loeb selle esimeseks ametlikuks kohtumiseks. (Allikas: British Ladies' Football Clubi ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated (National Football Museum, Hornsey Historical Society))
- Põhja võistkond alistas Lõuna võistkonna 7:1 hinnanguliselt 10 000 kuni 11 000 pealtvaataja ees Crouch Endis. (Allikas: British Ladies' Football Clubi ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- Nettie Honeyball avaldas 1894. aastal ajalehekuulutusi, mis meelitasid kohale umbes kolmkümmend naist British Ladies' Football Clubi moodustama, patrooniks Lady Florence Dixie. (Allikas: British Ladies' Football Clubi ajaloo ristkontrollitud ülevaated)
- 1925. aasta muudatus vähendas suluseisu nõuet kolmelt vastasmängijalt kahele, mis on lähedane tänini kasutatavale reeglile, ja sellele järgnes väravate järsk kasv. (Allikas: Suluseisureegli arengu ristkontrollitud ülevaated)

## 1.14 Before the Rules

Medieval bans, a 16th-century headmaster's advice, Royal Shrovetide and the school codes that came before 1863.

### Test 1: Folk football, bans and early codes

- The proclamation, issued in the name of Edward II, threatened anyone who played with prison. (Allikas: Calendar of Letter-Books of the City of London, Letter-Book D (1314), via British History Online (british-history.ac.uk))
- Mayor Nicholas de Farndone forbade the game 'on pain of imprisonment'. (Allikas: Calendar of Letter-Books of the City of London, Letter-Book D (1314), via British History Online (british-history.ac.uk))
- The act, passed under James I, was one of several that tried to push men towards archery practice. (Allikas: Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (rps.ac.uk), acts of 1424 and 1457)
- The act ordered that 'the fut bawe and the golf be utterly cryit doune', again to favour archery. (Allikas: Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (rps.ac.uk), acts of 1424 and 1457)
- Mulcaster, head of Merchant Taylors' School, praised the game's health benefits in his book 'Positions'. (Allikas: Richard Mulcaster, 'Positions' (1581), chapter 27, on football)
- The future Edward VIII 'turned up' the ball in 1928; the then Prince Charles did the same in 2003. (Allikas: Ashbourne Royal Shrovetide Football Committee, history of the game; Derbyshire County Council heritage pages)
- Students from different public schools drew up the Cambridge Rules so they could play one another. (Allikas: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com); Shrewsbury School archives on the 1856 Cambridge Rules)
- 1314, 1363, 1424 and 1457. (Allikas: Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (rps.ac.uk), acts of 1424 and 1457)
- 1848, 1858, 1862 and 1863. (Allikas: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com); Shrewsbury School archives on the 1856 Cambridge Rules)
- The goals stand three miles apart, at the sites of two old mills. (Allikas: Ashbourne Royal Shrovetide Football Committee, history of the game; Derbyshire County Council heritage pages)

## 1.15 Sheffield's Own Game

Sheffield FC, Hallam, the Youdan Cup and the Sheffield Rules that ran beside the FA's for twenty years.

### Test 1: Sheffield football

- Both were young members of a local cricket club; their rules followed in 1858. (Allikas: Sheffield FC, 'Club history' (sheffieldfc.com))
- The Sheffield code banned hacking five years before the London clubs argued about it. (Allikas: Sheffield FC, 'Club history' (sheffieldfc.com))
- The two clubs first met on 26 December 1860, and the 'Rules Derby' is still played. (Allikas: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')
- He put up the silver cup for a knockout among twelve local clubs. (Allikas: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')
- Hallam beat Norfolk in the final at Bramall Lane; the trophy turned up again in 1997 and went back to the club. (Allikas: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')
- Played at Battersea Park under FA rules, it was the first match between two associations. (Allikas: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com))
- The two codes had already traded ideas; the corner kick and the crossbar came from Sheffield. (Allikas: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com))
- 1857, 1858, 1860 and 1867. (Allikas: Sheffield FC, 'Club history' (sheffieldfc.com))
- 1857, 1860, 1862 and 1867; The Wednesday grew out of a cricket club. (Allikas: Sheffield Wednesday, 'Club history' (swfc.co.uk))
- Guinness World Records lists Sandygate as the world's oldest football ground still in use. (Allikas: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')

## 1.16 Scotland, Wales and Ireland Organise

Queen's Park, the Scottish, Welsh and Irish associations, the Home Championship and Hampden's record crowd.

### Test 1: The home nations

- After 152 years as amateurs, the club ended its 'Ludere Causa Ludendi' tradition in November 2019. (Allikas: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- Their first goal against came in January 1875. (Allikas: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- The finals of 1884 and 1885 were the only ones a Scottish club has played. (Allikas: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- The two finished level on points and drew a play-off 2-2, so the title was shared. (Allikas: SPFL, 'History of the Scottish League' (spfl.co.uk))
- Scotland won 4-0 in Glasgow, weeks after the Welsh FA was formed in Wrexham. (Allikas: Football Association of Wales, 'History' (faw.cymru))
- The Irish FA had been founded in Belfast the year before. (Allikas: Irish Football Association, 'History' (irishfa.com))
- The competition had run since 1883-84, when Scotland won the first edition. (Allikas: Irish Football Association, 'History' (irishfa.com))
- 1863, 1873, 1876 and 1880. (Allikas: Scottish FA, 'History' (scottishfa.co.uk))
- 1867, 1875, 1884 and 2019. (Allikas: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- The official figure of 149,415 is a European record for an international match. (Allikas: Hampden Park, 'Stadium history' (hampdenpark.co.uk); Scottish FA records)

## 1.17 The Game Goes Abroad

Teachers, miners and railwaymen who took football to South America, Spain, Italy, Denmark and Germany.

### Test 1: Football's spread

- The Scot founded the English High School in Buenos Aires and led the first Argentine league in 1893. (Allikas: Asociación del Fútbol Argentino, 'Historia' (afa.com.ar))
- Genoa beat Internazionale Torino in the final, just weeks after the Italian federation was founded. (Allikas: Genoa CFC, 'La storia' (genoacfc.it); FIGC, 'Albo d'oro' (figc.it))
- British staff of the mining company founded the club in 1889. (Allikas: Real Club Recreativo de Huelva, 'Historia' (recreativohuelva.es))
- KB began as a cricket and football club in Copenhagen. (Allikas: Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, 'Historie' (kb.dk); Dansk Boldspil-Union, 'DBU's historie' (dbu.dk))
- The Dutch FA followed in December the same year. (Allikas: Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, 'Historie' (kb.dk); Dansk Boldspil-Union, 'DBU's historie' (dbu.dk))
- He also wrote the first German rules of the game in 1875. (Allikas: Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig, 'Konrad Koch'; DFB, 'Geschichte des Fußballs in Deutschland' (dfb.de))
- The club took its later name from the Peñarol district where the railway works stood. (Allikas: Club Atlético Peñarol, 'Historia' (penarol.org))
- 1867, 1876, 1889 and 1893. (Allikas: Asociación del Fútbol Argentino, 'Historia' (afa.com.ar))
- 1889, 1893, 1898 and 1900. (Allikas: FIGC (figc.it), DFB (dfb.de) and AFA (afa.com.ar) official histories)
- Miller had learned the game at school in Southampton; he organised São Paulo's first match the next year. (Allikas: Museu do Futebol, São Paulo, 'Charles Miller' (museudofutebol.org.br))

## 1.18 Football at the Early Olympics

From Upton Park in 1900 to Uruguay in 1924: walk-offs, record scorers and the first lap of honour.

### Test 1: The early Olympic tournaments

- They beat a French side 4-0; the medals were assigned later by the IOC. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Great Britain beat Denmark 2-0 in the final at White City. (Allikas: FIFA, 'Olympic Football Tournaments' history (inside.fifa.com); Olympics.com)
- Denmark won the semi-final 17-1. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Both records still stand at the Olympic tournament. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Belgium took the gold; Czechoslovakia were disqualified and Spain won a play-off series for silver. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Austria complained about fans on the pitch during extra time; Peru went home rather than play again. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Since 1996 each squad may also add three older players. (Allikas: FIFA, 'Olympic Football Tournaments' history (inside.fifa.com); Olympics.com)
- 1908, 1920, 1924 and 1952. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- 1900, 1908, 1912 and 1920. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- The lap of honour is said to have begun with the Uruguayans' Olympic win in Colombes. (Allikas: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)

## 1.19 The FA Cup's First Decades

Wanderers, the Boat Race kick-off, Blackburn Olympic, Preston's Invincibles and the White Horse Final.

### Test 1: The FA Cup 1872-1923

- They won in 1872, 1873 and 1876-78. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- The 'challenge round' was used only that once. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- Wanderers beat Oxford University 2-0 at Lillie Bridge. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- Their team of weavers and metalworkers beat Old Etonians 2-1 after extra time. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- He won five of them, with Wanderers and Old Etonians. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- They also went through the first Football League season unbeaten. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- No other club from outside the Football League has won it since the League began. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- 1872, 1875, 1883 and 1889. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- 1872, 1895, 1920 and 1923. (Allikas: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- PC George Scorey and his horse Billie edged a huge crowd back so Bolton and West Ham could play. (Allikas: Wembley Stadium, 'History' (wembleystadium.com); National Football Museum)

## 1.20 Football in Wartime

The Khaki Cup Final, a fixed match, a footballer's Victoria Cross, footballs on the Somme and Dynamo Moscow's tour.

### Test 1: Football in the two World Wars

- Sheffield United beat Chelsea 3-0 at Old Trafford; the competition then stopped until 1920. (Allikas: The FA, '1915: the Khaki Cup Final' (thefa.com); Sheffield United heritage (sufc.co.uk))
- It was the last full league season until 1919-20. (Allikas: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- United won the Good Friday match 2-0; most of the bans were lifted after the war. (Allikas: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- He was killed on the Somme in July 1916, days after the action that won the award. (Allikas: Imperial War Museums, 'Donald Bell VC' (iwm.org.uk); Victoria Cross register, The National Archives)
- War was declared on 3 September 1939 and the results were wiped from the records. (Allikas: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- Stars such as Stanley Matthews played for several clubs while in uniform. (Allikas: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- Many in the crowd at White Hart Lane could barely see the pitch. (Allikas: Chelsea FC (chelseafc.com) and Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) heritage pages on the 1945 Dynamo tour)
- 1915, 1916, 1939 and 1945. (Allikas: Imperial War Museums, 'Football at the Somme' (iwm.org.uk); Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum)
- A 3-3 draw, a 10-1 win, a 4-3 win and a 2-2 draw, all in November 1945. (Allikas: Chelsea FC (chelseafc.com) and Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) heritage pages on the 1945 Dynamo tour)
- Nevill of the East Surrey Regiment offered a prize to the platoon that reached the German trench first; he was killed that morning. (Allikas: Imperial War Museums, 'Football at the Somme' (iwm.org.uk); Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum)

Allikad: Ainult esmased/ametlikud allikad, Wikipedia viiteid pole: The FA official history (thefa.com), FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) ja FIFA enda pressiteated (inside.fifa.com). Ümber sõnastatud omas sõnastuses; küsimused on koostatud.

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