# Insporta Book

> The knowledge base behind every Insporta test (insporta.app): 6060 sourced facts on football, cricket, futsal and triathlon, the rules Insporta writes questions by, and a review of the research on sport-specific knowledge. English. Built 2026-09-06.

Every guide page has a Markdown twin at the same URL plus `index.md`. The complete text of the site is at /llms-full.txt. Facts are the explanations behind ten-question tests; each carries the primary source it was written from (IFAB Laws of the Game, MCC Laws of Cricket, FIFA Futsal Laws, World Triathlon rules, coaching literature). Question stems and answer options are not published.

## Science
- [Sport-specific knowledge beats generic brain training](https://book.insporta.app/science/sport-specific-knowledge-not-generic-brain-training/): Why Insporta tests what a player knows about their sport rather than reaction time or abstract puzzles, based on Reinhard, Mann and Höner (2025).
- [What the research says: twelve sources on cognition in sport](https://book.insporta.app/science/what-the-research-says-twelve-sources/): An overview of the twelve studies behind Insporta's design, from Kalén's meta-analysis to Bergkamp's critique, and what each means for a knowledge test.
- [Three levels of cognition in sport: the Kalén 2021 meta-analysis](https://book.insporta.app/science/three-levels-of-cognition-kalen-2021/): Kalén et al. (2021) sorted sport cognition into three levels and found that only sport-specific decision-making reliably separates athletes by standard.
- [Does sport-specific cognition predict a player's future level?](https://book.insporta.app/science/does-sport-knowledge-predict-future-level/): What prospective studies show about sport cognition and later success: Murr (2018) d = 0.81, Ivarsson (2020), Höner (2021, 2023) and the r = .78 benchmark.
- [Decision-making frameworks and the age of eleven](https://book.insporta.app/science/decision-making-frameworks-and-the-age-of-eleven/): The KNVB decision-making framework, Heisler's finding that quality beats speed with a threshold near age 11, and why the response format changes the result.
- [Executive functions: what a knowledge test does not measure](https://book.insporta.app/science/executive-functions-what-a-knowledge-test-does-not-measure/): Why Insporta names its construct as sport-specific knowledge and excludes executive functions, reaction speed and physical traits, per Beavan and Furley.
- [How to validate a sports knowledge test](https://book.insporta.app/science/how-to-validate-a-sports-knowledge-test/): The four methodological problems named by Bergkamp et al. (2019) and the principles of Williams, Ford and Drust (2020), as the standard Insporta holds to.
- [How Insporta applies the research](https://book.insporta.app/science/how-insporta-applies-the-research/): What the evidence on sport cognition confirms in Insporta's test design, what it suggests next, and what clubs, coaches and players can realistically expect.
- [References](https://book.insporta.app/science/references/): The full list of studies cited in Insporta's science section, from Reinhard, Mann and Höner (2025) to the twelve sources on cognition and talent research.

## Methodology
- [How Insporta writes a test](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/how-insporta-writes-a-test/): Every Insporta test is ten questions with four options and one key, written to nine rules that keep it measuring sport knowledge and nothing else.
- [Levels and sub-levels: how a sport is laid out](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/levels-and-sub-levels/): Each sport has a ladder of ten levels from Beginner to Professional, split into named sub-levels of tests. Levels are sized to the material, not padded.
- [What a question may measure](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/what-a-question-may-measure/): An Insporta question tests sport-specific knowledge: rules, tactics, craft, history and context. General cognition, reaction speed and training loads are out.
- [A question must stand on its own](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/a-question-must-stand-on-its-own/): Anyone who knows the sport must be able to answer an Insporta question without a source in hand. Questions about what a document says measure nothing.
- [Reading load and length](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/reading-load-and-length/): Stems run 60 to 180 characters, options stay under 80 and within 30 of each other, and the key must not be the longest option more often than chance.
- [How distractors are built](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/how-distractors-are-built/): Each wrong option must be plausible to someone who half-knows the topic and clearly false to someone who knows it, with no invented rules and no absolutes.
- [Evidence, claims and safety](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/evidence-claims-and-safety/): Explanations are read as settled fact, so contested claims are marked, strong evidence is not hedged, numbers carry dates and safety answers name the channel.
- [No question twice](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/no-question-twice/): The bar for a new question is that the question is new, not the topic. Contrapositive pairs, one fact under several tests and perspective tests all fail it.
- [Fact-checking and quality gates](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/fact-checking-and-quality-gates/): A batch passes structural checks, a length-signal check, distractor-tell counts, duplicate review and a fact check by a person against the primary source.
- [Sources we write from](https://book.insporta.app/methodology/sources-we-write-from/): Insporta questions are authored from the IFAB, FIFA, MCC, ICC, World Triathlon and Ironman rulebooks and from coaching literature, cited but never reproduced.

## Football
- [Football on Insporta](https://book.insporta.app/football/): Tactics, systems and the Laws of the Game. 2 levels, 251 tests, 2510 facts.
- [Football fact checks: rules and numbers we verified](https://book.insporta.app/football/facts/): Football rules, pitch dimensions and goalkeeping facts checked against the IFAB Laws of the Game while writing Insporta's tests, with status and source.
- [Pressing Triggers & Gegenpressing (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/pressing-triggers-gegenpressing/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Possession Philosophies (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/possession-philosophies/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Direct & Counter-Attacking Football (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/direct-counter-attacking-football/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Playing Out from the Back (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/playing-out-from-the-back/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Defensive Schemes & The Offside Trap (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/defensive-schemes-the-offside-trap/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Attacking Geometry: Half-Spaces & Width (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/attacking-geometry-half-spaces-width/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Set-Piece Design & Dead-Ball Specialists (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/set-piece-design-dead-ball-specialists/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Football Analytics: xG & Beyond (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/football-analytics-xg-beyond/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Formations & Their Logic (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/formations-their-logic/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Women's Football: Tactics & Modern Era (Football · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-5/womens-football-tactics-modern-era/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Positional Play (Juego de Posición) (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/positional-play-juego-de-posicion/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Wide Play and Role Inversion (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/wide-play-and-role-inversion/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Striker Roles (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/striker-roles/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Marking Systems: Zonal, Man-Oriented and Hybrid (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/marking-systems-zonal-man-oriented-and-hybrid/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Tactical Schools and Their Systems (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/tactical-schools-and-their-systems/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Blocks and Defensive Organisation (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/blocks-and-defensive-organisation/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [The Goalkeeper in the System (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/the-goalkeeper-in-the-system/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Midfield Structures: Pivots, Box and Rest Defence (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/midfield-structures-pivots-box-and-rest-defence/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Game Management and In-Game Adjustments (Football · Level 6: Advanced)](https://book.insporta.app/football/level-6/game-management-and-in-game-adjustments/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Law 4: The Players' Equipment (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-4-the-players-equipment/index.md): 3 tests, 30 facts.
- [Law 5: The Referee (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-5-the-referee/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Law 6: The Other Match Officials (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-6-the-other-match-officials/index.md): 4 tests, 40 facts.
- [Law 7: The Duration of the Match (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-7-the-duration-of-the-match/index.md): 3 tests, 30 facts.
- [Law 8: The Start and Restart of Play (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-8-the-start-and-restart-of-play/index.md): 4 tests, 40 facts.
- [Law 9: The Ball In and Out of Play (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-9-the-ball-in-and-out-of-play/index.md): 2 tests, 20 facts.
- [Law 10: Determining the Outcome of a Match (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-10-determining-the-outcome-of-a-match/index.md): 4 tests, 40 facts.
- [Law 11: Offside (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-11-offside/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [Law 12: Fouls and Misconduct (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-12-fouls-and-misconduct/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Law 13: Free Kicks (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-13-free-kicks/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [Law 14: The Penalty Kick (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-14-the-penalty-kick/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Law 15: The Throw-In (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-15-the-throw-in/index.md): 3 tests, 30 facts.
- [Law 16: The Goal Kick (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-16-the-goal-kick/index.md): 3 tests, 30 facts.
- [Law 17: The Corner Kick (Football · Laws of the Game)](https://book.insporta.app/football/laws/law-17-the-corner-kick/index.md): 3 tests, 30 facts.

## Cricket
- [Cricket on Insporta](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/): From the shape of a match to the modern professional game. 5 levels, 130 tests, 1300 facts.
- [Cricket fact checks: rules and numbers we verified](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/facts/): Cricket Laws, playing conditions, records and coaching facts checked against the MCC Laws, ICC playing conditions and ESPNcricinfo for Insporta's tests.
- [The Shape of a Match (Cricket · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-1/the-shape-of-a-match/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [Ways of Getting Out (Cricket · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-1/ways-of-getting-out/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [The Ground and the Kit (Cricket · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-1/the-ground-and-the-kit/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Scoring and Extras (Cricket · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-1/scoring-and-extras/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [The Three Formats (Cricket · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-1/the-three-formats/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Bowling Laws (Cricket · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-2/bowling-laws/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [Batting Laws (Cricket · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-2/batting-laws/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Fielding and Wicket-keeping Laws (Cricket · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-2/fielding-and-wicket-keeping-laws/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Umpires and Decisions (Cricket · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-2/umpires-and-decisions/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [Match Regulations (Cricket · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-2/match-regulations/index.md): 6 tests, 60 facts.
- [Batting Craft (Cricket · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-3/batting-craft/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Pace Bowling (Cricket · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-3/pace-bowling/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Spin Bowling (Cricket · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-3/spin-bowling/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Fielding, Catching and Keeping (Cricket · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-3/fielding-catching-and-keeping/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Captaincy and Match Situations (Cricket · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-3/captaincy-and-match-situations/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [International Structure and the Calendar (Cricket · Level 4: Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-4/international-structure-and-the-calendar/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Global Events (Cricket · Level 4: Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-4/global-events/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Domestic and Franchise Cricket (Cricket · Level 4: Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-4/domestic-and-franchise-cricket/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [The History of the Game (Cricket · Level 4: Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-4/the-history-of-the-game/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Records and Statistics (Cricket · Level 4: Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-4/records-and-statistics/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Technology on the Field (Cricket · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-5/technology-on-the-field/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Analytics and the Data Revolution (Cricket · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-5/analytics-and-the-data-revolution/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Great Rivalries Beyond the Ashes (Cricket · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-5/great-rivalries-beyond-the-ashes/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [The Business of Cricket (Cricket · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-5/the-business-of-cricket/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Training, Fitness and Sports Science (Cricket · Level 5: Upper-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/cricket/level-5/training-fitness-and-sports-science/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.

## Futsal
- [Futsal on Insporta](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/): The five-a-side game: its Laws, skills and team shape. 3 levels, 75 tests, 750 facts.
- [Futsal fact checks: rules and numbers we verified](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/facts/): Futsal rules checked Law by Law against the FIFA Futsal Laws of the Game 2025/26 while writing Insporta's tests, from the four-second rule to accumulated fouls.
- [The Shape of a Match (Futsal · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-1/the-shape-of-a-match/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [The Court and the Kit (Futsal · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-1/the-court-and-the-kit/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Players, Substitutions and the Bench (Futsal · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-1/players-substitutions-and-the-bench/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Scoring, Restarts and the Four-Second Rule (Futsal · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-1/scoring-restarts-and-the-four-second-rule/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Fouls, Cards and Accumulated Fouls (Futsal · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-1/fouls-cards-and-accumulated-fouls/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Time, Timeouts and the Clock (Futsal · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-2/time-timeouts-and-the-clock/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Free Kicks and Accumulated Fouls (Futsal · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-2/free-kicks-and-accumulated-fouls/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [The Penalty Kick and the Kick-In (Futsal · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-2/the-penalty-kick-and-the-kick-in/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Goal Clearance, Corner Kick and Other Restarts (Futsal · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-2/goal-clearance-corner-kick-and-other-restarts/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Referees, Discipline and Match Officials (Futsal · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-2/referees-discipline-and-match-officials/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Technique on the Ball (Futsal · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-3/technique-on-the-ball/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Positions and Formations (Futsal · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-3/positions-and-formations/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Attacking Play (Futsal · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-3/attacking-play/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Defending Play (Futsal · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-3/defending-play/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.
- [Set Pieces and the Goalkeeper (Futsal · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/futsal/level-3/set-pieces-and-the-goalkeeper/index.md): 5 tests, 50 facts.

## Triathlon
- [Triathlon on Insporta](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/): Swim, bike and run: rules, training and racing. 3 levels, 150 tests, 1500 facts.
- [Triathlon fact checks: rules and numbers we verified](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/facts/): Triathlon rules, safety facts, nutrition figures and physiology claims checked against World Triathlon, IRONMAN and position stands for Insporta's tests.
- [Triathlon Basics (Triathlon · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-1/triathlon-basics/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Open Water Swimming (Triathlon · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-1/open-water-swimming/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Bike Handling and Safety (Triathlon · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-1/bike-handling-and-safety/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Running Off the Bike (Triathlon · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-1/running-off-the-bike/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Race Week and Race Day (Triathlon · Level 1: Beginner)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-1/race-week-and-race-day/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Training Principles (Triathlon · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-2/training-principles/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Swim Technique and Sets (Triathlon · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-2/swim-technique-and-sets/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Bike Training and Power (Triathlon · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-2/bike-training-and-power/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Run Training (Triathlon · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-2/run-training/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Nutrition and Hydration (Triathlon · Level 2: Elementary)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-2/nutrition-and-hydration/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Race Strategy and Pacing (Triathlon · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-3/race-strategy-and-pacing/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Long Course Racing (Triathlon · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-3/long-course-racing/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Physiology (Triathlon · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-3/physiology/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Equipment Optimisation (Triathlon · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-3/equipment-optimisation/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.
- [Peaking, Recovery and Injury (Triathlon · Level 3: Pre-Intermediate)](https://book.insporta.app/triathlon/level-3/peaking-recovery-and-injury/index.md): 10 tests, 100 facts.

## Diagrams
- [All drawn figures](https://book.insporta.app/diagrams/): pitches, courts, fields and courses, one rule or idea each, as SVG with alt text.

## Machine-readable
- [links.json](https://book.insporta.app/api/links.json): the deep-link map from Insporta test identifiers to book pages.
- [sitemap](https://book.insporta.app/sitemap-index.xml)
- [RSS](https://book.insporta.app/rss.xml)