# 第1章：历史与起源

足球 · 第1章：历史与起源 · Insporta Book (https://book.insporta.app/zh/football/interesting-facts/chapter-1-history-origins/)

How football became one game: medieval bans and folk football, the Cambridge and Sheffield codes, the FA and its first cups, the home nations, the spread abroad, the early Olympics and football in wartime.

## 1.11 起源与规则的确立

足球协会如何成立、谁起草了其首部《足球竞赛规则》、依据这些规则进行的最早有记载的比赛和赛事，以及四十年后国际足联自身的成立。

### 测试 1: 足协的成立与首部规则

- FA于1863年10月26日星期一晚上，在伦敦大皇后街的 Freemasons' Tavern 成立。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA自己的历史记载，伦敦及近郊十几家俱乐部的代表出席了成立大会。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 1862年创建巴恩斯足球俱乐部的 Ebenezer Cobb Morley 起草了FA最初的规则。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA的规则于1863年12月8日在创始俱乐部的第六次会议上最终获得通过。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 获得通过的规则由西摩街的 John Lillywhite 出版，小册子定价1先令6便士。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 1863年12月19日，巴恩斯队在巴恩斯的 Limes Field 对阵里士满队，比赛以0:0结束。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA秘书 Charles Alcock 于1871年7月20日提出举办淘汰赛，这项赛事后来成为足总杯。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 流浪者队在肯宁顿椭圆球场以1:0击败皇家工程兵队，赢得首届足总杯决赛，现场约有2000名观众。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 1872年11月30日，苏格兰与英格兰在格拉斯哥帕提克的西苏格兰板球场以0:0战平，这场比赛被公认为首场正式国际比赛。 (来源: FIFA Museum, fifamuseum.com/en/explore/fifamuseumplus/blog/Scotland-v-England-1)
- FIFA于1904年5月21日由七个协会在巴黎圣奥诺雷路229号成立，Robert Guerin 为首任主席。 (来源: FIFA 官方历史，inside.fifa.com/media-releases/fifa-celebrates-120th-anniversary-of-foundation-in-paris)

## 1.12 比赛的发展与首届世界杯

19世纪80年代至20世纪30年代间，这项运动如何实现职业化并自我组织：合法的职业化、足球联赛、作为规则守护者的IFAB、足总杯奖杯的被盗与更换，以及首届国际足联世界杯及其奖杯。

### 测试 1: 职业化、足球联赛、IFAB与首届世界杯

- FA于1885年承认职业足球合法化，但仅限于出生地或居住地在俱乐部一定距离范围内的球员。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- William McGregor 组织了足球联赛，联赛于1888年成立，仅经两次会议便有十二家创始俱乐部。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA自己的历史记载，国际足球联合会理事会自1886年成立之年起就负责管理规则。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- FA自己的历史指出，首届世界杯于1930年在乌拉圭举行，但FA没有派队参加。 (来源: The FA 官方历史，thefa.com/about-football-association/who-we-are/history)
- 乌拉圭既是1930年举行的首届国际足联世界杯的东道主，也是冠军。 (来源: Library of Congress 世界杯研究指南，guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930)
- 乌拉圭在首届世界杯决赛中以4:2击败阿根廷，比赛于1930年7月30日在蒙得维的亚的百年纪念球场举行。 (来源: Library of Congress 世界杯研究指南，guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930)
- 1930年在乌拉圭举行的首届世界杯，共有十三个国家参赛。 (来源: Library of Congress 世界杯研究指南，guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930)
- 原来的足总杯于1895年在伯明翰一家商店橱窗中展出时失窃，当时是应卫冕冠军阿斯顿维拉之邀展出，奖杯此后再未找回。 (来源: ITV News Central、FourFourTwo 的足总杯被盗报道)
- 替代奖杯由 Howard Vaughton 制作，他曾是阿斯顿维拉和英格兰国家队球员，后来成为银匠。 (来源: ITV News Central、FourFourTwo 的足总杯被盗报道)
- 这座奖杯最初名为“Victory”，1946年为纪念朱尔·雷米特担任国际足联主席25周年而改名；巴西在1970年第三次夺冠后永久获得该奖杯，随后于1983年被盗，再未找回。 (来源: Olympics.com / Britannica, olympics.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-trophy-jules-rimet-history)

## 1.13 早期规则修改、装备首创与首场女子比赛

为本章收尾：罚球点球和球门网如何进入规则、护腿板的发明、首批带号码的球衣、1925年的越位修订，以及首场有记载的女子比赛。

### 测试 1: 早期规则修改、装备首创与首场女子比赛

- 爱尔兰守门员 William McCrum 的构想，经爱尔兰足协秘书 Jack Reid 提交理事会，于1891年6月2日在格拉斯哥举行的IFAB会议上获批成为一条新规则。 (来源: 关于1891年6月2日 IFAB 会议的足球史记述，与 IFAB 会议记录的报道相互核对)
- 直到1902年，罚球点球都可以在距球门线12码的一条线上任意一点踢出，而不是今天固定的罚球点。 (来源: 经交叉核对的罚球点球规则历史记述)
- 利物浦工程师 John Alexander Brodie 于1890年取得专利的球网，首次重要亮相是在1891年1月10日于诺丁汉举行的北部对南部代表赛上；足球联赛在1891/92赛季规定必须使用球网。 (来源: 经交叉核对的 Brodie 球门网专利历史记述)
- 诺丁汉森林队的 Sam Widdowson 于1874年发明了护腿板：他把一副板球护腿改短，绑在长袜外面。 (来源: 经交叉核对的 Widdowson 与诺丁汉森林历史记述)
- 1928年8月25日，客场对阵谢菲尔德星期三的阿森纳和主场对阵斯旺西镇的切尔西都穿上了带号码的球衣，不过这次试验只持续了两场比赛。 (来源: 经交叉核对的英格兰联赛球衣号码历史记述)
- 1928年的号码试验只持续了两场比赛；直到1939年，球衣号码才成为英格兰联赛的强制要求。 (来源: 经交叉核对的英格兰联赛球衣号码历史记述)
- 1895年3月23日，英国女子足球俱乐部在伦敦 Crouch End 进行了北部对南部的比赛；女子比赛自1881年起就有记录，但FIFA把这场比赛算作首场正式比赛。 (来源: 经交叉核对的 British Ladies' Football Club 历史记述（National Football Museum、Hornsey Historical Society）)
- 北部队在 Crouch End 以7:1击败南部队，现场观众估计有10,000—11,000名。 (来源: 经交叉核对的 British Ladies' Football Club 历史记述)
- Nettie Honeyball 于1894年刊登报纸广告，吸引了约三十名女性，组成了英国女子足球俱乐部，Lady Florence Dixie 担任赞助人。 (来源: 经交叉核对的 British Ladies' Football Club 历史记述)
- 1925年的修订把越位条件从对方三名队员减为两名，接近今天仍在使用的规则，此后进球数急剧上升。 (来源: 经交叉核对的越位规则演变历史记述)

## 1.14 Before the Rules

Medieval bans, a 16th-century headmaster's advice, Royal Shrovetide and the school codes that came before 1863.

### 测试 1: Folk football, bans and early codes

- The proclamation, issued in the name of Edward II, threatened anyone who played with prison. (来源: Calendar of Letter-Books of the City of London, Letter-Book D (1314), via British History Online (british-history.ac.uk))
- Mayor Nicholas de Farndone forbade the game 'on pain of imprisonment'. (来源: Calendar of Letter-Books of the City of London, Letter-Book D (1314), via British History Online (british-history.ac.uk))
- The act, passed under James I, was one of several that tried to push men towards archery practice. (来源: Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (rps.ac.uk), acts of 1424 and 1457)
- The act ordered that 'the fut bawe and the golf be utterly cryit doune', again to favour archery. (来源: Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (rps.ac.uk), acts of 1424 and 1457)
- Mulcaster, head of Merchant Taylors' School, praised the game's health benefits in his book 'Positions'. (来源: Richard Mulcaster, 'Positions' (1581), chapter 27, on football)
- The future Edward VIII 'turned up' the ball in 1928; the then Prince Charles did the same in 2003. (来源: Ashbourne Royal Shrovetide Football Committee, history of the game; Derbyshire County Council heritage pages)
- Students from different public schools drew up the Cambridge Rules so they could play one another. (来源: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com); Shrewsbury School archives on the 1856 Cambridge Rules)
- 1314, 1363, 1424 and 1457. (来源: Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (rps.ac.uk), acts of 1424 and 1457)
- 1848, 1858, 1862 and 1863. (来源: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com); Shrewsbury School archives on the 1856 Cambridge Rules)
- The goals stand three miles apart, at the sites of two old mills. (来源: Ashbourne Royal Shrovetide Football Committee, history of the game; Derbyshire County Council heritage pages)

## 1.15 Sheffield's Own Game

Sheffield FC, Hallam, the Youdan Cup and the Sheffield Rules that ran beside the FA's for twenty years.

### 测试 1: Sheffield football

- Both were young members of a local cricket club; their rules followed in 1858. (来源: Sheffield FC, 'Club history' (sheffieldfc.com))
- The Sheffield code banned hacking five years before the London clubs argued about it. (来源: Sheffield FC, 'Club history' (sheffieldfc.com))
- The two clubs first met on 26 December 1860, and the 'Rules Derby' is still played. (来源: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')
- He put up the silver cup for a knockout among twelve local clubs. (来源: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')
- Hallam beat Norfolk in the final at Bramall Lane; the trophy turned up again in 1997 and went back to the club. (来源: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')
- Played at Battersea Park under FA rules, it was the first match between two associations. (来源: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com))
- The two codes had already traded ideas; the corner kick and the crossbar came from Sheffield. (来源: The FA, 'History of the FA' (thefa.com))
- 1857, 1858, 1860 and 1867. (来源: Sheffield FC, 'Club history' (sheffieldfc.com))
- 1857, 1860, 1862 and 1867; The Wednesday grew out of a cricket club. (来源: Sheffield Wednesday, 'Club history' (swfc.co.uk))
- Guinness World Records lists Sandygate as the world's oldest football ground still in use. (来源: Hallam FC, 'History' (hallamfc.co.uk); Guinness World Records, 'Oldest football ground')

## 1.16 Scotland, Wales and Ireland Organise

Queen's Park, the Scottish, Welsh and Irish associations, the Home Championship and Hampden's record crowd.

### 测试 1: The home nations

- After 152 years as amateurs, the club ended its 'Ludere Causa Ludendi' tradition in November 2019. (来源: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- Their first goal against came in January 1875. (来源: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- The finals of 1884 and 1885 were the only ones a Scottish club has played. (来源: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- The two finished level on points and drew a play-off 2-2, so the title was shared. (来源: SPFL, 'History of the Scottish League' (spfl.co.uk))
- Scotland won 4-0 in Glasgow, weeks after the Welsh FA was formed in Wrexham. (来源: Football Association of Wales, 'History' (faw.cymru))
- The Irish FA had been founded in Belfast the year before. (来源: Irish Football Association, 'History' (irishfa.com))
- The competition had run since 1883-84, when Scotland won the first edition. (来源: Irish Football Association, 'History' (irishfa.com))
- 1863, 1873, 1876 and 1880. (来源: Scottish FA, 'History' (scottishfa.co.uk))
- 1867, 1875, 1884 and 2019. (来源: Queen's Park FC, 'History' (queensparkfc.co.uk); BBC Sport, 'Queen's Park turn professional' (2019))
- The official figure of 149,415 is a European record for an international match. (来源: Hampden Park, 'Stadium history' (hampdenpark.co.uk); Scottish FA records)

## 1.17 The Game Goes Abroad

Teachers, miners and railwaymen who took football to South America, Spain, Italy, Denmark and Germany.

### 测试 1: Football's spread

- The Scot founded the English High School in Buenos Aires and led the first Argentine league in 1893. (来源: Asociación del Fútbol Argentino, 'Historia' (afa.com.ar))
- Genoa beat Internazionale Torino in the final, just weeks after the Italian federation was founded. (来源: Genoa CFC, 'La storia' (genoacfc.it); FIGC, 'Albo d'oro' (figc.it))
- British staff of the mining company founded the club in 1889. (来源: Real Club Recreativo de Huelva, 'Historia' (recreativohuelva.es))
- KB began as a cricket and football club in Copenhagen. (来源: Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, 'Historie' (kb.dk); Dansk Boldspil-Union, 'DBU's historie' (dbu.dk))
- The Dutch FA followed in December the same year. (来源: Kjøbenhavns Boldklub, 'Historie' (kb.dk); Dansk Boldspil-Union, 'DBU's historie' (dbu.dk))
- He also wrote the first German rules of the game in 1875. (来源: Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig, 'Konrad Koch'; DFB, 'Geschichte des Fußballs in Deutschland' (dfb.de))
- The club took its later name from the Peñarol district where the railway works stood. (来源: Club Atlético Peñarol, 'Historia' (penarol.org))
- 1867, 1876, 1889 and 1893. (来源: Asociación del Fútbol Argentino, 'Historia' (afa.com.ar))
- 1889, 1893, 1898 and 1900. (来源: FIGC (figc.it), DFB (dfb.de) and AFA (afa.com.ar) official histories)
- Miller had learned the game at school in Southampton; he organised São Paulo's first match the next year. (来源: Museu do Futebol, São Paulo, 'Charles Miller' (museudofutebol.org.br))

## 1.18 Football at the Early Olympics

From Upton Park in 1900 to Uruguay in 1924: walk-offs, record scorers and the first lap of honour.

### 测试 1: The early Olympic tournaments

- They beat a French side 4-0; the medals were assigned later by the IOC. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Great Britain beat Denmark 2-0 in the final at White City. (来源: FIFA, 'Olympic Football Tournaments' history (inside.fifa.com); Olympics.com)
- Denmark won the semi-final 17-1. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Both records still stand at the Olympic tournament. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Belgium took the gold; Czechoslovakia were disqualified and Spain won a play-off series for silver. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Austria complained about fans on the pitch during extra time; Peru went home rather than play again. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- Since 1996 each squad may also add three older players. (来源: FIFA, 'Olympic Football Tournaments' history (inside.fifa.com); Olympics.com)
- 1908, 1920, 1924 and 1952. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- 1900, 1908, 1912 and 1920. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)
- The lap of honour is said to have begun with the Uruguayans' Olympic win in Colombes. (来源: Olympics.com, official results and stories of the Olympic football tournaments)

## 1.19 The FA Cup's First Decades

Wanderers, the Boat Race kick-off, Blackburn Olympic, Preston's Invincibles and the White Horse Final.

### 测试 1: The FA Cup 1872-1923

- They won in 1872, 1873 and 1876-78. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- The 'challenge round' was used only that once. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- Wanderers beat Oxford University 2-0 at Lillie Bridge. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- Their team of weavers and metalworkers beat Old Etonians 2-1 after extra time. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- He won five of them, with Wanderers and Old Etonians. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- They also went through the first Football League season unbeaten. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- No other club from outside the Football League has won it since the League began. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- 1872, 1875, 1883 and 1889. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- 1872, 1895, 1920 and 1923. (来源: The FA, 'FA Cup history' and 'Past finals' (thefa.com))
- PC George Scorey and his horse Billie edged a huge crowd back so Bolton and West Ham could play. (来源: Wembley Stadium, 'History' (wembleystadium.com); National Football Museum)

## 1.20 Football in Wartime

The Khaki Cup Final, a fixed match, a footballer's Victoria Cross, footballs on the Somme and Dynamo Moscow's tour.

### 测试 1: Football in the two World Wars

- Sheffield United beat Chelsea 3-0 at Old Trafford; the competition then stopped until 1920. (来源: The FA, '1915: the Khaki Cup Final' (thefa.com); Sheffield United heritage (sufc.co.uk))
- It was the last full league season until 1919-20. (来源: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- United won the Good Friday match 2-0; most of the bans were lifted after the war. (来源: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- He was killed on the Somme in July 1916, days after the action that won the award. (来源: Imperial War Museums, 'Donald Bell VC' (iwm.org.uk); Victoria Cross register, The National Archives)
- War was declared on 3 September 1939 and the results were wiped from the records. (来源: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- Stars such as Stanley Matthews played for several clubs while in uniform. (来源: EFL, 'History of the Football League' and wartime seasons (efl.com))
- Many in the crowd at White Hart Lane could barely see the pitch. (来源: Chelsea FC (chelseafc.com) and Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) heritage pages on the 1945 Dynamo tour)
- 1915, 1916, 1939 and 1945. (来源: Imperial War Museums, 'Football at the Somme' (iwm.org.uk); Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum)
- A 3-3 draw, a 10-1 win, a 4-3 win and a 2-2 draw, all in November 1945. (来源: Chelsea FC (chelseafc.com) and Arsenal FC (arsenal.com) heritage pages on the 1945 Dynamo tour)
- Nevill of the East Surrey Regiment offered a prize to the platoon that reached the German trench first; he was killed that morning. (来源: Imperial War Museums, 'Football at the Somme' (iwm.org.uk); Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment Museum)

来源: 仅限一手来源 / 官方来源，不引用维基百科：The FA official history (thefa.com)、FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) 以及国际足联自己的新闻稿 (inside.fifa.com)。以原创文字转述；题目为原创编写。

参加测试: https://insporta.app/try?utm_source=book&utm_medium=referral