第3章：世界杯与洲际赛事

世界杯参赛队数从1930年的13支增至1954年起的16支、1982年起的24支、1998年起的32支，以及2026年赛事起的48支。

来源：FIFA, fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/world-cup-format-evolution-change-history-1930-2026 · 记忆

苏联在1960年于巴黎举行的首届欧洲国家杯决赛中，加时赛后以2:1击败南斯拉夫。

来源：UEFA, uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know · 记忆

这项赛事1960年创办时名为欧洲国家杯，1968年更名为欧洲足球锦标赛（UEFA European Championship）。

来源：UEFA, uefa.com/uefaeuro/history · 记忆

后来成为美洲杯的赛事始于1916年，由阿根廷为纪念独立一百周年承办；乌拉圭夺冠，同一次盛会还成立了CONMEBOL。

来源：Copa America official site, copaamerica.com/en/news/110-years-conmebol-copa-america · 记忆

1950年仍是唯一一届没有单场决赛的世界杯：冠军产生于四队单循环小组赛，最后一场比赛（乌拉圭战胜巴西）实际上充当了决赛。

来源：经交叉核对的1950年世界杯赛制历史记述 · 记忆

国际足联选择乌拉圭，部分原因是该国正值首部宪法一百周年，并且在1928年奥运会上卫冕了奥运足球冠军。

来源：Library of Congress 世界杯研究指南，guides.loc.gov/world-cup/uruguay-1930 · 记忆

巴西是唯一一支参加过每一届世界杯的球队，包括2026年这一届，从未缺席。

来源：Britannica, britannica.com/sports/Which-National-Teams-Have-Participated-in-the-FIFA-World-Cup · 记忆

2026年世界杯由加拿大、墨西哥和美国联合承办，这是第一次由三个国家共同承担承办工作。

来源：FIFA, fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/fifa-world-cup-2026-hosts-cities-dates-usa-mexico-canada · 记忆

1942年和1946年的世界杯都因战争及其后果而取消，使1938年与1950年两届赛事之间相隔12年。

来源：经交叉核对的世界杯因战争停办历史记述 · 记忆

由于卡塔尔夏季酷热，国际足联把2022年赛事改在11月至12月举行，这是第一次在传统的6月至7月之外举行的世界杯。

来源：Al Jazeera, aljazeera.com/sports/2015/2/24/fifa-recommends-winter-world-cup-for-qatar · 记忆

首届非洲国家杯于1957年2月在苏丹举行，仅有三支球队参加；埃及在决赛中以4:0战胜埃塞俄比亚。

来源：经交叉核对的1957年非洲国家杯历史记述 · 记忆

意大利雕塑家 Silvio Gazzaniga 设计的纯金奖杯，造型是两个人托举着地球，自1974年世界杯起取代了雷米特杯。

来源：FIFA, fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/silvio-gazzaniga-trophy-museum · 记忆

美国在首届国际足联女子世界杯决赛中以2:1击败挪威，该届赛事于1991年11月在中国广东举行。

来源：FIFA, fifa.com/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/fifa-womens-world-cup-china-1991 · 记忆

首届亚足联亚洲杯是1956年在香港举行的四队单循环赛，没有单场决赛；韩国夺冠。

来源：经交叉核对的1956年亚洲杯历史记述 · 记忆

欧洲杯决赛阶段的参赛队数从1960年的4支增至1980年的8支、1996年的16支，以及2016年起的24支。

来源：经交叉核对的欧洲杯赛制扩军历史记述 · 记忆

葡萄牙在首届欧国联决赛中以1:0击败荷兰，比赛于2019年6月9日在波尔图的龙之球场举行。

来源：经交叉核对的2018/19赛季欧洲国家联赛历史记述 · 记忆

CONCACAF于1991年用新的金杯赛取代了原来的锦标赛；东道主美国夺得了首届八队参赛的赛事冠军。

来源：经交叉核对的1991年中北美及加勒比海金杯赛历史记述 · 记忆

疫情把2020年欧洲杯推迟到2021年6月至7月举行，但仍沿用原有名称；为纪念这项赛事创办60周年，比赛分布在11个不同国家的11座城市举行。

来源：经交叉核对的2020年欧洲杯历史记述 · 记忆

德国赢得了2017年第十届也是最后一届联合会杯；国际足联于2019年停办了这项世界杯预演赛事，其档期由扩军后的世俱杯取代。

来源：经交叉核对的国际足联联合会杯停办历史记述 · 记忆

意大利队长 Giacinto Facchetti 在一场互交白卷的平局之后猜中了掷硬币，这是欧洲足球锦标赛（UEFA European Championship）历史上唯一一次以这种方式决出决赛参赛队。

来源：UEFA, uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0253-0d7b2f5adb06-fa5820ecb86b-1000--coin-toss-takes-italy-to-euro-1968-final-after-ussr-stal · 记忆

His name means 'little orange', after the fruit of Valencia.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

He wore a sombrero and a moustache.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

His blocks were in the green, white and red of the Italian flag.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

The Gallic rooster is a national symbol of France.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

The species, which rolls into a ball, is threatened; the choice aimed to raise awareness.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

His name means 'the one who scores'; he wore sports goggles.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Warner Bros designed the cartoon dog.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

1966, 1982, 1998 and 2014.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

1970, 1974, 1994 and 2010.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

The lion wore a Union Jack shirt; mascots have appeared at every World Cup since.

来源：FIFA, 'World Cup mascots through the years' (fifa.com); FIFA Museum (fifamuseum.com) · 记忆

Italy beat Greece 4-0 to qualify for their own tournament.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Only four European teams had travelled to Montevideo four years earlier.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

They lost 6-0 to Hungary in their only match.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Israel's Asian and African opponents had refused to play them, and FIFA would not let a team qualify without a match.

来源：Football Association of Wales, '1958: Wales at the World Cup' (faw.cymru); FIFA · 记忆

Their opponents had all withdrawn too; the costs and planning of the trip to Brazil weighed on the decision.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Several Austrian players then appeared for Germany at the tournament.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Cuba beat Romania in a replay before losing 8-0 to Sweden.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

1934, 1938, 1958 and 1970.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

1930, 1938, 1954 and 1970.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

France, Belgium and Romania took about two weeks to cross to Montevideo in 1930.

来源：FIFA, World Cup tournament histories 1930-1974 (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

The Soviet Union beat Hungary 3-1 in Moscow.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

The Soviet Union went through and won the first tournament.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

Spain won 2-1 in Madrid in front of about 79,000.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

Ponedelnik headed the winner against Yugoslavia in extra time in Paris.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

They won 3-0 in Brussels, with two goals from Gerd Müller.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

From 1980 eight teams took part in the finals.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

His second, a header, came two minutes from time in Rome.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

1976, 1980, 1984 and 1988.

来源：UEFA, 'European Championship history' and final reports (uefa.com) · 记忆

The stadium had taken the club president's name in 1955.

来源：Real Madrid, 'Santiago Bernabéu stadium history' (realmadrid.com); UEFA, '1964 final' report · 记忆

Mexico lost 2-1 to Argentina in Guayaquil.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

It marked 100 years of the competition and was the first edition outside South America; Chile won.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

The format lasted for three editions, until 1983.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

He scored the only goal, in extra time of a play-off against Uruguay in Rio.

来源：CBF, 'Seleção: títulos' (cbf.com.br); CONMEBOL · 记忆

Iván Córdoba headed the only goal of the final against Mexico in Bogotá.

来源：Federación Colombiana de Fútbol, 'Colombia campeón de la Copa América 2001' (fcf.com.co); CONMEBOL · 记忆

Colombia and Argentina had been due to share it; Argentina won the final at the Maracanã.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

Qatar, the next World Cup hosts, took part for the first time.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

1916, 1919, 1993 and 2001.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

1975, 1993, 2016 and 2021.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

The Argentine association bought it from the Casa Escasany jewellers.

来源：CONMEBOL, 'Historia de la Copa América' (conmebol.com) · 记忆

Real drew 0-0 in Montevideo and won 5-1 in Madrid.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

Six players were sent off; Racing won 1-0.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

Several Estudiantes players were punished by the Argentine authorities after the second leg.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

Waldemar Victorino scored the only goal.

来源：FIFA, 'Toyota Cup 1980: Nacional v Nottingham Forest' (inside.fifa.com); Club Nacional de Football (nacional.uy) · 记忆

The FA and the government backed the move to help England's bid for the 2006 World Cup.

来源：Manchester United, 'Why we left the FA Cup in 1999-2000' (manutd.com) · 记忆

They beat Once Caldas of Colombia on penalties in Yokohama.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

Runners-up such as Panathinaikos and Atlético Madrid took their places.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

1960, 1967, 1980 and 2004.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

1960, 1967, 1980 and 2003.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

The Toyota Cup was played in Japan every year until 2004.

来源：FIFA, 'Intercontinental Cup history' (inside.fifa.com); UEFA and CONMEBOL · 记忆

The amateur side from County Durham had also won the first edition, in 1909.

来源：West Auckland Town FC, 'The first World Cup' (westaucklandtownfc.co.uk) · 记忆

He offered it for a tournament between clubs from Britain, Italy, Germany and Switzerland.

来源：West Auckland Town FC, 'The first World Cup' (westaucklandtownfc.co.uk) · 记忆

Real Madrid and Barcelona each won it twice.

来源：UEFA, 'The Latin Cup' (uefa.com) · 记忆

Clubs played it in the summer, before the domestic season began.

来源：UEFA, 'UEFA Intertoto Cup' (uefa.com) · 记忆

Palmeiras beat Juventus in the final at the Maracanã.

来源：SE Palmeiras, 'Copa Rio 1951' (palmeiras.com.br) · 记忆

Swindon were awarded the trophy.

来源：Swindon Town FC, 'Anglo-Italian Cup 1970' heritage pages (swindontownfc.co.uk) · 记忆

Chelsea beat Manchester City 5-4 in the first final in 1986.

来源：Chelsea FC, 'Full Members' Cup 1986' (chelseafc.com); The FA, 1985 European ban · 记忆

1909, 1949, 1970 and 1985.

来源：Wolverhampton Wanderers, 'Texaco Cup 1971' heritage pages (wolves.co.uk) · 记忆

1957, 1975, 1992 and 2008.

来源：UEFA, 'UEFA Intertoto Cup' (uefa.com) · 记忆

Short of money for the second trip, some players pawned possessions to travel.

来源：West Auckland Town FC, 'The first World Cup' (westaucklandtownfc.co.uk) · 记忆

They beat Iran in the 1951 final in New Delhi and South Korea in Jakarta in 1962.

来源：All India Football Federation, 'Asian Games gold 1951 and 1962' (the-aiff.com) · 记忆

Australia won 2-1 after extra time in Sydney, nine years after joining the Asian confederation.

来源：AFC, 'AFC Asian Cup history' (the-afc.com) · 记忆

They beat Japan 3-1 in the final in Abu Dhabi and kept the title at home in 2024.

来源：AFC, 'AFC Asian Cup history' (the-afc.com) · 记忆

Australia did not enter the first edition.

来源：OFC, 'OFC Nations Cup history' (oceaniafootball.com) · 记忆

They beat Saudi Arabia 1-0 in the final.

来源：AFC, 'AFC Asian Cup history' (the-afc.com) · 记忆

Iran won in 1968, 1972 and 1976.

来源：AFC, 'AFC Asian Cup history' (the-afc.com) · 记忆

Two of those titles were won on penalties.

来源：AFC, 'AFC Asian Cup history' (the-afc.com) · 记忆

1968, 1992, 2015 and 2019.

来源：AFC, 'AFC Asian Cup history' (the-afc.com) · 记忆

1951, 1973, 2013 and 2024.

来源：OFC, 'OFC Nations Cup history' (oceaniafootball.com) · 记忆

Tahiti qualified by winning the 2012 OFC Nations Cup, the first time a side other than Australia or New Zealand had won it.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil 2013' match reports (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

The Soviet Union won the under-20 tournament.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA U-20 World Cup' and 'FIFA U-17 World Cup' histories (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Argentina beat the Czech Republic 2-1 in the final in Toronto.

来源：AFA, 'Argentina campeón mundial sub-20 Canadá 2007' (afa.com.ar); FIFA · 记忆

He won the best player and top scorer awards, scoring twice from the spot in the final.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA U-20 World Cup' and 'FIFA U-17 World Cup' histories (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

They beat West Germany 2-0 in the final in Beijing.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA U-20 World Cup' and 'FIFA U-17 World Cup' histories (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

The 1991 side included Luís Figo and Rui Costa.

来源：Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, 'Campeões do mundo de sub-20' (fpf.pt) · 记忆

Both sides won their finals within four months of each other.

来源：The FA, 'England's 2017 summer of success' (englandfootball.com) · 记忆

Figo won the award in 2000.

来源：Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, 'Campeões do mundo de sub-20' (fpf.pt) · 记忆

1977, 1985, 2002 and 2008.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA U-20 World Cup' and 'FIFA U-17 World Cup' histories (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

1977, 1983, 1991 and 2009.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA U-20 World Cup' and 'FIFA U-17 World Cup' histories (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆

Ghana beat Brazil 4-3 on penalties in Cairo after a goalless final played mostly with ten men.

来源：FIFA, 'FIFA U-20 World Cup' and 'FIFA U-17 World Cup' histories (inside.fifa.com) · 记忆